Last data update: May 06, 2024. (Total: 46732 publications since 2009)
Records 1-8 (of 8 Records) |
Query Trace: Pinheiro G[original query] |
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Contribution of PEPFAR-supported HIV and TB molecular diagnostic networks to COVID-19 testing preparedness in 16 countries
Romano ER , Sleeman K , Hall-Eidson P , Zeh C , Bhairavabhotla R , Zhang G , Adhikari A , Alemnji G , Cardo YR , Pinheiro A , Pocongo B , Eno LT , Shang JD , Ndongmo CB , Rosario H , Moreno O , DeLen LAC , Fonjungo P , Kabwe C , Ahuke-Mundeke S , Gama D , Dlamini S , Maphalala G , Abreha T , Purfield A , Gebrehiwot YT , Desalegn DM , Basiye F , Mwangi J , Bowen N , Mengistu Y , Lecher S , Kampira E , Kaba M , Bitilinyu-Bangoh J , Masamha G , Viegas SO , Beard RS , vanRooyen G , Shiningavamwe AN , I JM , Iriemenam NC , Mba N , Okoi C , Katoro J , Kenyi DL , Bior BK , Mwangi C , Nabadda S , Kaleebu P , Yingst SL , Chikwanda P , Veri L , Simbi R , Alexander H . Emerg Infect Dis 2022 28 (13) S59-s68 The US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) supports molecular HIV and tuberculosis diagnostic networks and information management systems in low- and middle-income countries. We describe how national programs leveraged these PEPFAR-supported laboratory resources for SARS-CoV-2 testing during the COVID-19 pandemic. We sent a spreadsheet template consisting of 46 indicators for assessing the use of PEPFAR-supported diagnostic networks for COVID-19 pandemic response activities during April 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021, to 27 PEPFAR-supported countries or regions. A total of 109 PEPFAR-supported centralized HIV viral load and early infant diagnosis laboratories and 138 decentralized HIV and TB sites reported performing SARS-CoV-2 testing in 16 countries. Together, these sites contributed to >3.4 million SARS-CoV-2 tests during the 1-year period. Our findings illustrate that PEPFAR-supported diagnostic networks provided a wide range of resources to respond to emergency COVID-19 diagnostic testing in 16 low- and middle-income countries. |
Response to: 'Pleural abnormalities in the Framingham Heart Study: prevalence and CT image features' by Araki et al
Franzblau A , Antao VC , Pinheiro G , Larson T . Occup Environ Med 2018 75 (1) 77 The report by Araki et al is important for a number of reasons, most significantly that it is the first-ever study of pleural abnormalities potentially related to asbestos in a large, general population (the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) Third Generation cohort) that is based on chest CT scans rather than chest radiographs.1 Pleural abnormalities were reported to be present in 1.5% of the study population. A key conclusion of the study was that the prevalence of pleural abnormalities in the present study was significantly lower than what was observed in NHANES II (3.9%), and this was taken as evidence in support of reduced asbestos exposures in the decades since the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II data were collected in the period 1976–1980.2 It is important to note that the results of NHANES II were based on chest radiographs, while the results for the FHS cohort were based on chest CT scans. Because of this difference in radiographic methods, we take issue with the comparison of the results from Araki et al with results from NHANES II.1,2 | | Araki et al noted that since ‘CT scan has a better capacity to detect and characterize pleural plaques and thickening than chest radiography, the decrease in prevalence over several decades could be more substantial’.1 The first part of this sentence acknowledges the fact that chest radiography has a lower sensitivity for the detection of pleural plaques compared with chest CT scan (ie, chest radiography has a considerable rate of false-negative results compared with chest CT scan). However, the article fails to note that chest radiography also has a significant rate of false-positive findings relative to chest CT scan and that the latter is significantly related to body mass index (BMI), age and possibly other factors.3 In the absence of a statistical analysis that adjusts for age, BMI and other factors in the NHANES II and FHS cohorts, it is impossible to know the overall impact of false-positive and false-negative results in NHANES II relative to the FHS. While we concur with the conclusions that asbestos use in the USA has declined since NHANES II and that asbestos exposures in the US population have also likely declined, a simple comparison of chest radiograph and chest CT scan results for pleural plaques is not valid. |
Stomach cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001-2009): Findings from the CONCORD-2 study
Jim MA , Pinheiro PS , Carreira H , Espey DK , Wiggins CL , Weir HK . Cancer 2017 123 Suppl 24 4994-5013 BACKGROUND: Stomach cancer was a leading cause of cancer-related deaths early in the 20th century and has steadily declined over the last century in the United States. Although incidence and death rates are now low, stomach cancer remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in black, Asian and Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native populations. METHODS: Data from the CONCORD-2 study were used to analyze stomach cancer survival among males and females aged 15 to 99 years who were diagnosed in 37 states covering 80% of the US population. Survival analyses were corrected for background mortality using state-specific and race-specific (white and black) life tables and age-standardized using the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. Net survival is presented up to 5 years after diagnosis by race (all, black, and white) for 2001 through 2003 and 2004 through 2009 to account for changes in collecting Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Summary Stage 2000 data from 2004. RESULTS: Almost one-third of stomach cancers were diagnosed at a distant stage among both whites and blacks. Age-standardized 5-year net survival increased between 2001 to 2003 and 2004 to 2009 (26.1% and 29%, respectively), and no differences were observed by race. The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival estimates were 53.1%, 33.8%, and 29%, respectively. Survival improved in most states. Survival by stage was 64% (local), 28.2% (regional), and 5.3% (distant). CONCLUSIONS: The current results indicate high fatality for stomach cancer, especially soon after diagnosis. Although improvements in stomach cancer survival were observed, survival remained relatively low for both blacks and whites. Primary prevention through the control of well-established risk factors would be expected to have the greatest impact on further reducing deaths from stomach cancer. Cancer 2017;123:4994-5013. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. |
Liver cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001-2009): Findings from the CONCORD-2 study
Momin BR , Pinheiro PS , Carreira H , Li C , Weir HK . Cancer 2017 123 Suppl 24 5059-5078 BACKGROUND: Worldwide, liver cancer is a leading cause of death for both men and women. The number of Americans who are diagnosed with and die of liver cancer has been rising slowly each year. Using data from the CONCORD-2 study, this study examined population-based survival by state, race, and stage at diagnosis. METHODS: Data from 37 statewide registries, which covered 81% of the US population, for patients diagnosed during 2001-2009 were analyzed. Survival up to 5 years was adjusted for background mortality (net survival) with state- and race-specific life tables, and it was age-standardized with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. RESULTS: Liver cancer was diagnosed overall more often at the localized stage, with blacks being more often diagnosed at distant and regional stages than whites. 5-year net survival was 12.2% in 2001-2003 and 14.8% in 2004-2009. Whites had higher survival than blacks in both calendar periods (11.7% vs 9.1% and 14.3% vs 11.4%, respectively). During 2004-2009, 5-year survival was 25.7% for localized-stage disease, 9.5% for regional-stage disease, and 3.5% for distant-stage disease. CONCLUSIONS: Some progress has occurred in survival for patients with liver cancer, but 5-year survival remains low, even for those diagnosed at the localized stage. Efforts directed at controlling well-established risk factors such as hepatitis B may have the greatest impact on reducing the burden of liver cancer in the United States. Cancer 2017;123:5059-78. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. |
Surveillance for occupational respiratory diseases in developing countries
Antao VC , Pinheiro GA . Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2015 36 (3) 449-54 The burden of chronic diseases, including occupational respiratory diseases (ORDs), is increasing worldwide. Nevertheless, epidemiological data on these conditions are scarce in most countries. Therefore, it is important to conduct surveillance to monitor ORDs, particularly in developing countries, where the working population is especially vulnerable and the health system infrastructure is usually weak. This article provides a general framework for the implementation of ORD surveillance in developing countries. The main objectives of surveillance are to describe incidence and prevalence of ORDs, as well as to identify sentinel events and new associations between occupational exposures and health outcomes. Diseases with high morbidity and mortality and those in which early diagnosis with standardized tests are available are especially suitable for surveillance activities. Simple strategies, preferably using existing resources and technology, are the best option for surveillance in developing countries. This article offers examples of specific surveillance systems that are in place in Brazil, China, Cuba, India, and South Africa. |
Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data.
Holmes MV , Dale CE , Zuccolo L , Silverwood RJ , Guo Y , Ye Z , Prieto-Merino D , Dehghan A , Trompet S , Wong A , Cavadino A , Drogan D , Padmanabhan S , Li S , Yesupriya A , Leusink M , Sundstrom J , Hubacek JA , Pikhart H , Swerdlow DI , Panayiotou AG , Borinskaya SA , Finan C , Shah S , Kuchenbaecker KB , Shah T , Engmann J , Folkersen L , Eriksson P , Ricceri F , Melander O , Sacerdote C , Gamble DM , Rayaprolu S , Ross OA , McLachlan S , Vikhireva O , Sluijs I , Scott RA , Adamkova V , Flicker L , Bockxmeer FM , Power C , Marques-Vidal P , Meade T , Marmot MG , Ferro JM , Paulos-Pinheiro S , Humphries SE , Talmud PJ , Mateo Leach I , Verweij N , Linneberg A , Skaaby T , Doevendans PA , Cramer MJ , Harst Pv , Klungel OH , Dowling NF , Dominiczak AF , Kumari M , Nicolaides AN , Weikert C , Boeing H , Ebrahim S , Gaunt TR , Price JF , Lannfelt L , Peasey A , Kubinova R , Pajak A , Malyutina S , Voevoda MI , Tamosiunas A , Maitland-van der Zee AH , Norman PE , Hankey GJ , Bergmann MM , Hofman A , Franco OH , Cooper J , Palmen J , Spiering W , Jong PA , Kuh D , Hardy R , Uitterlinden AG , Ikram MA , Ford I , Hypponen E , Almeida OP , Wareham NJ , Khaw KT , Hamsten A , Husemoen LL , Tjonneland A , Tolstrup JS , Rimm E , Beulens JW , Verschuren WM , Onland-Moret NC , Hofker MH , Wannamethee SG , Whincup PH , Morris R , Vicente AM , Watkins H , Farrall M , Jukema JW , Meschia J , Cupples LA , Sharp SJ , Fornage M , Kooperberg C , LaCroix AZ , Dai JY , Lanktree MB , Siscovick DS , Jorgenson E , Spring B , Coresh J , Li YR , Buxbaum SG , Schreiner PJ , Ellison RC , Tsai MY , Patel SR , Redline S , Johnson AD , Hoogeveen RC , Hakonarson H , Rotter JI , Boerwinkle E , Bakker PI , Kivimaki M , Asselbergs FW , Sattar N , Lawlor DA , Whittaker J , Davey Smith G , Mukamal K , Psaty BM , Wilson JG , Lange LA , Hamidovic A , Hingorani AD , Nordestgaard BG , Bobak M , Leon DA , Langenberg C , Palmer TM , Reiner AP , Keating BJ , Dudbridge F , Casas JP . BMJ 2014 349 g4164 OBJECTIVE: To use the rs1229984 variant in the alcohol dehydrogenase 1B gene (ADH1B) as an instrument to investigate the causal role of alcohol in cardiovascular disease. DESIGN: Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis of 56 epidemiological studies. PARTICIPANTS: 261 991 individuals of European descent, including 20 259 coronary heart disease cases and 10 164 stroke events. Data were available on ADH1B rs1229984 variant, alcohol phenotypes, and cardiovascular biomarkers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratio for coronary heart disease and stroke associated with the ADH1B variant in all individuals and by categories of alcohol consumption. RESULTS: Carriers of the A-allele of ADH1B rs1229984 consumed 17.2% fewer units of alcohol per week (95% confidence interval 15.6% to 18.9%), had a lower prevalence of binge drinking (odds ratio 0.78 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.84)), and had higher abstention (odds ratio 1.27 (1.21 to 1.34)) than non-carriers. Rs1229984 A-allele carriers had lower systolic blood pressure (-0.88 (-1.19 to -0.56) mm Hg), interleukin-6 levels (-5.2% (-7.8 to -2.4%)), waist circumference (-0.3 (-0.6 to -0.1) cm), and body mass index (-0.17 (-0.24 to -0.10) kg/m(2)). Rs1229984 A-allele carriers had lower odds of coronary heart disease (odds ratio 0.90 (0.84 to 0.96)). The protective association of the ADH1B rs1229984 A-allele variant remained the same across all categories of alcohol consumption (P=0.83 for heterogeneity). Although no association of rs1229984 was identified with the combined subtypes of stroke, carriers of the A-allele had lower odds of ischaemic stroke (odds ratio 0.83 (0.72 to 0.95)). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with a genetic variant associated with non-drinking and lower alcohol consumption had a more favourable cardiovascular profile and a reduced risk of coronary heart disease than those without the genetic variant. This suggests that reduction of alcohol consumption, even for light to moderate drinkers, is beneficial for cardiovascular health. |
Mesothelioma incidence in 50 states and the District of Columbia, United States, 2003-2008
Henley SJ , Larson TC , Wu M , Antao VC , Lewis M , Pinheiro GA , Eheman C . Int J Occup Environ Health 2013 19 (1) 1-10 BACKGROUND: The decline in asbestos use in the United States may impact mesothelioma incidence. OBJECTIVE: This report provides national and state-specific estimates of mesothelioma incidence in the United States using cancer surveillance data for the entire US population. METHODS: Data from the National Program for Cancer Registries and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program were used to calculate incidence rates and annual percent change. RESULTS: During 2003-2008, an average of 1.05 mesothelioma cases per 100,000 persons were diagnosed annually in the United States; the number of cases diagnosed each year remained level, whereas rates decreased among men and were stable among women. CONCLUSION: US population-based cancer registry data can be used to determine the burden of mesothelioma and track its decline. Even 30 years after peak asbestos use in the United States, 3200 mesothelioma cases are diagnosed annually, showing that the US population is still at risk. |
Comparison of digital with film radiographs for the classification of pneumoconiotic pleural abnormalities
Larson TC , Holiday DB , Antao VC , Thomas J , Pinheiro G , Kapil V , Franzblau A . Acad Radiol 2011 19 (2) 131-40 RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Analog film radiographs are typically used to classify pneumoconiosis to allow comparison with standard film radiographs. The aim of this study was to determine if digital radiography is comparable to film for the purpose of classifying pneumoconiotic pleural abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were 200 asbestos-exposed patients, from whom digital and film chest radiographs were obtained along with chest high-resolution computed tomographic scans. Using a crossover design, radiographs were independently read on two occasions by seven readers, using conventional International Labour Organization standards for film and digitized standards for digital. High-resolution computed tomographic scans were read independently by three readers. Areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves were calculated using high-resolution computed tomographic ratings as the gold standard for disease status. Mixed linear models were fit to estimate the effects of order of presentation, occasion, and modality, treating the seven readers as a random effect. Comparing digital and film radiography for each reader and occasion, crude agreement and agreement beyond chance (kappa) were also calculated. RESULTS: The linear models showed no statistically significant sequence effect for order of presentation (P = .73) or occasion (P = .28). Most important, the difference between modalities was not statistically significant (digital vs film, P = .54). The mean area under the curve for film was 0.736 and increased slightly to 0.741 for digital. Mean crude agreement for the presence of pleural abnormalities consistent with pneumoconiosis across all readers and occasions was 78.3%, while the mean kappa value was 0.49. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that digital radiography is not statistically different from analog film for the purpose of classifying pneumoconiotic pleural abnormalities, when appropriate standards are used. |
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